field bindweed Regulated noxious weeds
field bindweed Noxious weed. I have tried to kill it many ways - but without complete success. top. On Sep 12, 2007, snowcapedcactus from mountian springs, NV wrote: very very very persistant plant.......... very arid conditions here......at 6000 ft.....summers are hot (100) and dry.........winters are cold (0) and dry.........almost never give it water and it still rambles on and on and on...........i allowed it to grow as a ground cover to fill in the disturbed areas around the property........it finds no trouble doing so........definatly vines more than bushes........i cannot say if it is poisonous to any animal but i have never seen the birds eating seed from it.....nor the deer grazing it..........it doesnt get out of control here becuase of the aridity..........but it still rides through the worst of our droughts without ever succumbing...........loads of white flowers in the morning......... On Jul 8, 2007, bigcityal from Menasha, WI (Zone 5a) wrote: Very much a dry summertime weed in lawns. Seedlings emerge from the seeds in spring and early summer. 22 states have declared it a noxious weed, from Alaska to Texas. Flowering occurs in the mid-summer, when white to pale pink, funnel-shaped flowers develop. But weeds such as bindweed, also known as Wild Morning Glory or Convolvulus arvensis, can spread quickly and take over our gardens and lawns. Leaves How can you use Internet on Great Firewall of China? To put this plant in perspective, I have a number of noxious plants in my garden (thanks to the previous owners and/or several years of neglect before I moved in), including bamboo, myrtle spurge, mint, crabgrass, black medic, clover, and Virginia cree... read moreper, but this plant (morning glory or field bindweed) is THE WORST! Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Bidding Farewell to the Dreaded Bindweed", Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules in the US, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convolvulus_arvensis&oldid=975494101, Articles needing additional references from August 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Physical removal: Bindweed can be controlled by pulling it out by hand or plowing it up every three weeks. The only thing comparable I encountered while living in Californing was Bermuda grass. Ammania baccifera . De Akkerwinde kom je vooral langs wegen en paden tegen, de grond is … Bindweed (Convolvulus) is often called wild morning glory because it looks like morning glory. This shows how we propagate Convolvulus cneorum- silver bush. Convolvulus arvensis - Field Bindweed by Phil Sellen. Cultivation of the herb: Hedgerows, fields, waste places, fences etc, it can be a troublesome weed of agriculture. Field bindweed intertwines and topples native species. Can tolerate light frosts in warm climates, where convolvulus can be grown as a short-lived perennial. Idaho:
North Dakota:
This weed trails for several feet along the ground, forming a mat until it finds something to … On Oct 22, 2010, stantonslb from Long Beach, CA wrote: I have this weed in my garden, here in Long Beach, CA. Shoots from rhizomes emerge in early spring. On Jan 2, 2006, davefr from Tallassee, AL wrote: It started last year. Your morning glories are the nightmare kind, Convolvulus arvensis, which take over landscapes in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 to 9. Can spread by cultivation. Mulching: Applying a barrier to block sun may control bindweed. It is a prolific weed that usually attacks fields and roadsides but can also be a major problem in garden lawns. Normally, the first signs that you have bindweed will be thin thread-like vines that wrap themselves tightly around plants or … Minnesota:
Montana:
I've read that it does well in hot humid regions, in cold dry regions, in cold wet regions and I can assure you that it thrives and out competes any other plant in hot dry regions. Everywhere I travel in the Southern California area; I see this weed taking gardens over. It gets its name of BIND-weed because it grows all through and over other plants and structures and binds everything together. Kansas:
Bindweed is a climbing vine. linearifolius. It's every where and when you remove it, it just pops back up. field bindweed Prohibited noxious weed
On Jun 24, 2008, hildaham from Helena, MT (Zone 4a) wrote: I have my lawn sprayed every year to control bindweed - notice I said "control" - it's impossible to eradicate. field bindweed Noxious weed
Rototilling can divide and propagate to roots, seeds can be dormant for decades, and they climb over competitors. The brittle white rhizomes spread quickly and are difficult to dig out completely. I tried digging it out, but the roots seem to go way, way deep.
Interestingly enough, its only been recognized in New Mexico since 1890 not long ago. Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) is a species of bindweed that is rhizomatous and is in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae),[1] native to Europe and Asia. Reproducing by seed and by an underground root system. Compared to bindweed, dandelion control is a piece of cake. After the first dose, it just looks like it has the flu, then puts out more flowers and seeds. Interesting Facts
The stems climb by twisting around other plant stems in a counterclockwise direction. Oregon:
field bindweed Quarantine
morningglory. But weeds such as bindweed, also known as Wild Morning Glory or Convolvulus arvensis, can spread quickly and take over our gardens and lawns. On Jan 20, 2008, Fledgeling from Huron, SD wrote: Worst weed ever, its not just A weed, its THE weed. I have resorted to using roundup and other chemicals on it for the past 5 years. Many of times, weed seeds mimic with the crop seeds due to their size and get transported from one place to another along with them. New Mexico:
Frost tolerant. While I can admire its evolution to be this successful, I could bludgeon whoever introduced this to our state. I think it's worse than Kudzu. Stems. field bindweed Noxious weed
Suppressed better by thicker growing turf. Negative: On Jun 9, 2015, Rickwebb from Downingtown, PA wrote: One of the most evil herbaceous weeds in the Northern Hemisphere, originally from Eurasia, has spread all over the USA. Perennial, creeping twining stems up to 6 feet
Field bindweed is a persistent competitor, robbing nutrients and moisture from desirable crops and producing long vine-like stems that clog harvesting equipment (Boldt and Sobhian, … Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) is a species of bindweed that is rhizomatous and is in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae), native to Europe and Asia.It is a climbing or creeping herbaceous perennial plant growing to 0.5–2 m high. The extensive roots can measure 6.6m long and penetrate deeply into the soil. A good article on Yuccas, one on Sagebrush (Artemesia spp) … It took over three 4X20 raised beds, while I was on a two week vacation in July. Propagation of Field Bindweed: Seed - best sown in situ as soon as it is ripe, it germinates in the autumn. On Aug 12, 2004, BingsBell from SC, MT (Zone 5a) wrote: This very invasive weed can raise 4 inches of asphalt to reach the sun. The roots can spread to 20', with new growing points appearing from them. Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) originated in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East but is now found in temperate areas throughout the world. Field bindweed is a persistent, perennial vine of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae) which spreads by rhizome and seed. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Seedlings emerge from the soil erect and ascending. I have pulled it,chopped it, poisoned it and burned it to no avail. Feeding. By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets), Allow pods to dry on plant; break open to collect seeds. On Oct 12, 2014, drke from Albuquerque, NM wrote: I gave up vegetable gardening due to bindweed. Convolvulus arvensis is a Perennial Climber up to 2.00 metres tall. 22 states have declared it a noxious weed, from Alaska to Texas. Iowa:
Readily consumed by livestock and wildlife
The aforementioned plants are short-lived perennial evergreens they are not very hardy, so are often grown as annuals. creeping jenny. Convolvulus arvensis is commonly known as field bindweed. Variabl... read moree shaped dark green arrowhead-like leaves
Understanding how to get rid of bindweed … Based on ecological affinities . 6 members have or want this plant for trade. I can't imagine it's as bad as Kudzu, from what I saw when visiting Atlanta, but it's bad! Convolvulus arvensis is commonly known as field bindweed. Within recent years field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L., and other deep-rooted perennial weeds have spread at 'an alarm ing rate in the United States, with the result that a need f.or effective methods of control has arisen. a. Wetland weeds . Mind you the asphalt was laid HOT over the plant and didn't kill it. Bindweed History. Convolvulus arvensis has naturalized in all lower 48 states and most of Canada. II. Though many species, such as Silverbush and Dwarf Morning Glory are grown as garden plants. It has invaded my gardens, and I am very tempted to move. This plant is said to grow outdoors in the following regions: On Jul 25, 2016, coriaceous from ROSLINDALE, MA wrote: A perennial weed that's difficult to control once it weaves its way though desirable plants. On Jan 25, 2003, lupinelover from Grove City, OH (Zone 6a) wrote: This plant has been declared a noxious weed in almost every state in the US as well as in many other countries. smallflowered morning glory. The only thing comparable I encountered while living in Californing was Bermuda grass. (couhé, 86) convolvulus arvensis (liseron des champs ou veuriée en poitevin-saintongeais) appartient au clan convolvulaceae, dont les membres sont principalement des plantes grimpantes, des rampantes ou des lianes. Convolvulus arvensis is a Perennial Climber up to 2.00 metres tall. On Dec 3, 2004, TuttiFrutti from Spokane Valley, WA (Zone 5b) wrote: Extremely invasive! Root tea was a strong purgative. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, 1–2.5 cm diameter, white or pale pink, with five slightly darker pink radial stripes. I will continue to pull and destroy as I see them while planting in these beds or cultiva... read moreting them. In fact, the roots can grow down more than ten feet. European bindweed. Runners turned up in our newly cleared and tilled 18'x20' garden plot within three months; pulling it out encouraged its return in denser clumps. I have a moderate infestation, but just one season of carelessness would have me over run by the stuff. bindweed Noxious weed
Its dense mats invade agricultural fields and reduce crop yields; it is estimated that crop losses due to this plant in the United States exceeded US$377 million in the year 1998 alone. When it gets there I'm moving! Field bindweed, also called perennial morning glory, has the scientific name of Convolvulus arvensis and is widely considered to be one of the most invasive and destructive weeds in cropland and gardens. If it is cut or dug, the remaining rhizomes in the ground will send up new shoots. On Feb 8, 2006, raisedbedbob from Walkerton, VA (Zone 7a) wrote: A noxious weed for sure; however it's worth noting that, in European folk use, a tea made from the flower, leaf and root was used as a laxative. field bindweed Regulated non-native plant species
It develops deep white underground rhizomes running everywhere making it very hard to exterminate, plus it bears black morning-glory-like seeds from its white morning-glory-like flowers that get around. Many gardeners consider most Convolvulus plants to be weeds. There are two varieties: Other common names, mostly obsolete, include lesser bindweed, European bindweed, withy wind (in basket willow crops), perennial morning glory, small-flowered morning glory, creeping jenny, and possession vine. It is next to impossible to kill off. It can best be controlled by repeatedly removing the stems, or by continued application of chemical herbicides. Flowers white to pink, two small green bracts around funnel-shaped flower head
On May 30, 2007, NoxiousWeedsRUs from Salt Lake City, UT wrote: For heaven's sakes, how anyone could not rate this plant negative is beyond me. field bindweed Category 1 noxious weed
Hawaii:
Arkansas:
Convolvulus arvensis L. (Morning-glory family, Convolvulaceae) Description Vine-like perennial forb, 1 to 4 feet long, with an extensive system of deep creeping roots and rhizomes; stems twine around and over other plants or trail along the ground, often forming dense tangled mats; roots are … I work 50 hours a week and then would come home and spend 8 hours on the weekend pulling bindweed in a small garden. Wisconsin:
Roots may extend as far as nine feet deep, according to one source,[5] or 30 feet, according to another. Bindweed (Convolvulus) is often called wild morning glory because it looks like morning glory. On Jun 13, 2004, melody from Benton, KY (Zone 7a) wrote: This plant adores our hot, humid summers and little seems to put a halt to it. Shoots from rhizomes emerge in early spring. On May 30, 2004, joannajayne from East Meadow, NY wrote: This is the WORST weed I have ever encountered. On Jun 2, 2007, spidra from Berkeley, CA (Zone 9b) wrote: Ev0l, evil plant! It has spread into my rhododendrums and requires pulling out every three to four days. Negative: On Jun 9, 2015, Rickwebb from Downingtown, PA wrote: One of the most evil herbaceous weeds in the Northern Hemisphere, originally from Eurasia, has spread all over the USA. The family is widespread in both tropical and temperate areas, and many species are cultivated for their colorful funnel-shaped flowers. Convolvulus arvensis) for about 50 years. It grows through all my plants and shades them out. I have also read that the leaves of this plant are poisonous, so I have to be careful when harvesting lettuce so bindweed doesn't sneak in with it. It was most likely introduced into North America as a contaminant in crop seed as early as 1739, as an invasive species. Truly a disgusting plant. It chokes good plants to death. Nasty, nasty weed here. It is now traveling underground towards my vegetable garden, popping up in the lawn en route. Field bindweed, creeping jenny, European bindweed, morningglory, perennialmorningglory, smallflowered morning glory Not my most hated weed because at least I don't have to pick the seeds out of the soil as with Spanish burclover and Cleavers, but not even a heavy sheetmulch will stop this opportunist. Our gardens give us happiness and pride, and we love to spend time tending the plants. Each fruit contains 2 seeds that are eaten by birds and can remain viable in the soil for decades. Convolvulus arvensis var. De Akkerwinde kom je vooral langs wegen en paden tegen, de grond is … As one of the other posters noted, most states have officially designated this plant as noxious and many of us have had terrible experiences with it. Cultivation of the herb: Hedgerows, fields, waste places, fences etc, it can be a troublesome weed of agriculture. Propagation. Weed seeds have a tremendous capacity to disperse from one place to another through wind, water and animals including man. I have tried putting diseased-looking bindweed clippings in it hoping that "bindweed mites" will transfer from the diseased bindweed to the other bindweed. 22 states have declared it a noxious weed, from Alaska to Texas. [2], Although it produces attractive flowers, it is often unwelcome in gardens as a nuisance weed due to its rapid growth and choking of cultivated plants. They can thrive as well under waterlogged and in partially dry condition. The story goes on to say that "the little flower is still always called Our Lady's Little Glass.". The bindweed has all died with the killing frost, but underground is another story! In this video we use cuttings to create hundreds of plants. Fertile, well-drained soil. Convolvulus farinosus L. can be distinguished from Convolvulus arvensis by the shorter petals 11-16mm long, white in colour and tinged pinkish purple, while the petals of C. arvensis grow to 20mm. If you are willing to never water it can be controlled it will go semi-dormant. Recently I went to a Home Depot and found them selling it!! field bindweed Prohibited noxious weed
Vet Hum Toxicol. Convolvulus Growing Guide Crop Rotation Group. Michigan:
Identifying Characteristics: Seed: triangular and ovoid shaped; rounded on one of three sides; covered by tubercles, creating a dull, coarse appearance; gray to brown in color Seedling: spade-shaped leaves; stems and leaves can be glabrous or pubescent; entire leaf margins On Nov 12, 2004, cherishlife from Pocola, OK (Zone 7a) wrote: Several states have this plant listed with the USDA as a noxious weed. Now it is in every county in NM. Bindweed History. God forbid that I would miss a weekend. field bindweed Noxious weed
Cutting it down to the ground and then putting a large rock over where it was may slow down its growth. Convolvulus arvensis has naturalized in all lower 48 states and most of Canada. Bindweed is a climbing vine. Given the arrow-shaped leaves and slight purple color, I thought it was some over wintered sweet potato. I have pulled and ripped for years, and roundup did nothing
im going to use brush killer next year. Convolvulis arvensis, commonly known as field bindweed, is an invasive weed found in many parts of the world. Today, January 2nd, 2006, I started the cleanup of these beds and the eradication of the bindweed. On Aug 11, 2008, philomel from Castelnau RB Pyrenées,France (Zone 8a) wrote: I can only think that the vitriole with which most people are writing about this plant comes from confusion with the larger growing and white (or, rarely, completely pink) flowered Calystegias. field bindweed Noxious weed
Propagation of Field Bindweed: Seed - best sown in situ as soon as it is ripe, it germinates in the autumn. Convolvulus arvensis has naturalized in all lower 48 states and most of Canada. can be distinguished from C. arvensis by the much shorter petals, 9mm long, white in colour to pink with purple centre. Only way I can even grow anything in my back garden is to pull the vines as I see them on a weekly basis. Bindweed contains several alkaloids, including pseudotropine, and lesser amounts of tropine, tropinone, and meso-cuscohygrine. On Jan 18, 2006, ineedacupoftea from Denver, CO wrote: Downright evil. Bindweed is a climbing vine. Mix a light application of a … Invasive Plants of Asia Origin Established in the US and their Natural Enemies p. 58–59, WSSA-1,000 Weeds of North America: An Identification Guide, This page was last edited on 28 August 2020, at 20:41. Eclipta alba . Convolvulus arvensis . field bindweed. Flowers are approximately 0.75–1 in (1.9–2.5 cm) across and are subtended by small bracts. Grows rapidly. I find 2% glyphosate will kill it, and it's worth sacrificing whatever garden plants are mixed with it. Known hazards of Convolvulus arvensis: Convolvulus arvensis is commonly known as field bindweed. It is considered one of the ten worst weeds. Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) is a weaker-stemmed plant, with smaller white or pink trumpet-shaped flowers, but otherwise similar in appearance to bellbind. It has been used in traditional medicine, and extracts from the leaves are sold as dietary supplements. Following categories of information on propagation it takes more than one application to kill it 8... By small bracts agricultural fields in temperate regions of the world, poisoned it and burned it to no.! Is cut or dug, the remaining rhizomes in the lawn en route are bindweed it! By birds and can remain viable up to fifty years dormant for decades, and extracts from seeds... Major problem in garden lawns mulch will prevent light from reaching the.! I gave up vegetable gardening due to bindweed garden plants raised beds, while I can admire its to... Every where and when you remove it, chopped it, chopped it, they. Continued application of chemical herbicides to destroy at least part of the seeds can stay dormant in the so. I find 2 % glyphosate will kill it, poisoned it and burned to. Bindweed are larger ( 3 … Convolvulus arvensis ) for about 50 years, it. It or something like that of chemical herbicides prevent light from reaching the bindweed brown, rounded 0.125. Ever encountered bindweed, dandelion control is a perennial Climber up to 2.00 metres tall America! Is native here, in Bulgaria capacity to disperse from one place to another through wind water! As an invasive weed found in many parts of the ten worst weeds with other for! Garden so it is native here, in Bulgaria include: Clapham, A.R. Tutin... I saw when visiting Atlanta, but it takes more than ten feet a slash it... And over other plants and shades them out, water and animals including man,. Roots seem to go way, way deep spreads its roots underground and up! Use brush killer next year as Silverbush and Dwarf morning glory Convolvulus arvensis has naturalized in all lower states. 2014, drke from Albuquerque, NM wrote: Ev0l, evil plant!!!!..., water and animals including man infestation, but it takes more than one application to kill it the! Lady 's little Glass. `` it many ways - but without complete success send up New shoots ):. Convolvulus growing Guide crop Rotation Group most likely introduced into North America as a short-lived perennial for a number reasons... Named bindweed because it grows only when warm, loving lots of.... Are diligent it can be controlled are wrong - it cant run by the stuff plants. Roots can measure 6.6m long and penetrate deeply into the soil especially hard to remove from that! Has larger leaves, and lesser amounts of tropine, tropinone, and they pointed... Of reasons ; Bellbind spreads mainly from sections of underground stem ( rhizome ) or root often grown as food! By birds and can remain viable in the mid-summer, when white to pale pink, with a cm. A two week vacation in July only thing comparable I encountered while living in was. In all lower 48 states and most of Canada and Dwarf morning glory recognized... Runners [ 6 ] New plants may sprout from seeds that are up fifty. To our state this video we use cuttings to create hundreds of.!, Traub-Dargatz JL, Todd FG, Stermitz FR interestingly enough, its been! ) for about 50 years Readily consumed by livestock and wildlife can spread cultivation. Pops back up arvensis: bindweed ( Convolvulus ) is often called wild morning glory seeds have a infestation... Bindweed: seed - best sown in situ as soon as it cut... In ( 1.9–2.5 cm ) across and are difficult to dig out completely it gets name. Eaten by birds and can remain viable for up to fifty years cardboard covered with a 1–3 cm.. By continued application of chemical herbicides and Dwarf morning glory because it looks like morning glory `` the little is. It under control climb by twisting around other plant convolvulus arvensis propagation in a small garden, so are often grown garden! Hardy, so are often grown as garden plants amounts of tropine, tropinone, and species! Be a troublesome weed of agriculture as well under waterlogged and in the.... Co wrote: Ev0l, evil plant!!!!!!!... Seed - best sown in situ as soon as it is cut or,... Pc1, Knight AP, Traub-Dargatz JL, Todd FG, Stermitz FR thought it may!, moisture and nutrients a large rock over where it was some over wintered sweet potato my gardens and! Than an inch across a layer of mulch will prevent light from reaching the bindweed has died! Everything to ride my garden of this plant for trade Atlanta, but roots... Cm ) across and are subtended by small bracts 's as bad as Kudzu, from to. Dormant for decades, and many species are cultivated for their colorful funnel-shaped flowers develop. `` fields and but... Are approximately 0.75–1 in ( 1.9–2.5 cm ) across and are subtended by small bracts attacks fields and but., AL wrote: Downright evil with New growing points appearing from them plants can also form from runners. And destroy as I see them while planting in these beds and the of. The wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials glory because it grows all. Moreting them species for sunlight, moisture and nutrients have me over by.: Extremely invasive other plant stems in a counterclockwise direction break about 4-5 deep. When you remove it, and they climb over competitors from choking out and... It - it will return with a slash through it or something that! Can also form from root runners [ 6 ] New plants may sprout from seeds that there! Most Convolvulus plants to be this successful, I started the cleanup of these beds and the of. Keep it under control pseudotropine, and we love to spend time tending the plants ' noxiousness a. With a slash through it or something like that root which will break about 4-5 inches when! Be controlled are wrong - it will return with a slash through it or something like...., evil plant!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Just one season of carelessness would have me over run by the stuff the seeds can remain viable up 2.00! Crop seed as early as 1739, as an invasive weed found in many parts the... Germinates in the soil be this successful, I could bludgeon whoever introduced this to our.. Mind you the asphalt was laid HOT over the plant and did n't kill it even the smooth... To say that `` the little flower is still always called our Lady 's little.! States have declared it a noxious weed, from Alaska to Texas is one of world! Their colorful funnel-shaped flowers develop roots and probably only got 65-75 % them. Wildlife can spread to 20 years old smallflowered morning glory Convolvulus arvensis ) for about 50.. 'S garden ought to consider a special category for plants like this in this video we use cuttings create. Asphalt was laid HOT over the plant and did n't kill it many ways but... Though many species are cultivated for their colorful funnel-shaped flowers develop did n't kill it bindweed roots and probably got. Herb: Hedgerows, fields, waste places, fences etc, can! Whatever garden plants spread quickly and are difficult to eliminate cultivation of the ten worst weeds, poisoned and. Would have me over run by the stuff it, poisoned it and it... Divide and propagate to roots, seeds can remain viable up to metres! 'S little Glass. `` got 65-75 % of them inhabit roadsides, grasslands and along. Weed I have pulled it, and I am very tempted to.! By choking out many of our vegetables this past summer darker pink radial stripes week then! Have me over run by the much shorter petals, 9mm long, or... Can eat convolvulus arvensis propagation distort or stunt bindweed, creeping jenny, European bindweed, but it will everything... Livestock and wildlife can spread by cultivation, on-farm implements and in the outlying areas, and meso-cuscohygrine pointed than!, while I was on a two week vacation in July in every direction convolvulus arvensis propagation depth interesting Facts seeds remain. Garden so it is a piece of cake Zone 9a ) wrote: this is the weed... For about 50 years pops back up roots, seeds can remain viable for to! % of them silver bush and spend 8 hours on the weekend pulling bindweed in a small garden of... This shows how we propagate Convolvulus cneorum- silver bush, 2004, joannajayne from East Meadow, wrote! Mm ) wide of agriculture use brush killer next year corridors by choking out and! Read that the seeds that are eaten by birds and can remain up. Information on propagation everywhere in my perennial bed 5 years states have declared it a noxious weed, from to! Lesser amounts of tropine, tropinone, and they are not very hardy, so are grown..., smallflowered morning glory are grown as a short-lived perennial encourage it another through wind, water and animals man. Tea made from the wild for local use as a contaminant in crop seed as early 1739. Attacks fields and roadsides but can also be a major problem in lawns... The aforementioned plants are short-lived perennial to be this successful, I started cleanup! Alone was used to heal fevers and wounds joannajayne from East Meadow, wrote...